電(dian)(dian)子元器(qi)件,指(zhi)電(dian)(dian)子元件和電(dian)(dian)小型的機器(qi)、儀器(qi)的組(zu)成部(bu)分,其(qi)本身常(chang)(chang)由若干(gan)零(ling)件構成,可以在同類產品中通(tong)用;常(chang)(chang)指(zhi)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、無線電(dian)(dian)、儀表等工業(ye)的某些零(ling)件,如電(dian)(dian)容(rong)、晶體管(guan)、游絲(si)、發條等子器(qi)件的總稱。常(chang)(chang)見(jian)的有二極管(guan)等。下(xia)面我們來了解更(geng)全的電(dian)(dian)子元器(qi)件知識。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)包(bao)括:電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)管、散熱(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)元件(jian)、連(lian)接(jie)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、半導體(ti)分立(li)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)聲器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、激光器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)顯示器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)、傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源、開關、微(wei)特電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)變壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、印制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)板、集成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、各類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)、壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、晶體(ti)、石英、陶瓷磁性材(cai)料(liao)、印刷(shua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)用基(ji)材(cai)基(ji)板、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)功能工藝專用材(cai)料(liao)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)膠(jiao)(帶)制品、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)化學材(cai)料(liao)及(ji)部(bu)品等。
電子元件知識(shi)——電阻器(qi)
-電阻:導電體對電流的(de)阻礙作用稱為(wei)電阻,用符(fu)號R表示,單位為(wei)歐姆、千歐、兆歐,分別用Ω、KΩ、MΩ表示。
-電(dian)阻的(de)(de)型(xing)號(hao)命名方(fang)法:國產電(dian)阻器(qi)的(de)(de)型(xing)號(hao)由(you)四部分組成(不(bu)適(shi)用敏感電(dian)阻)①主(zhu)稱;②材(cai)料;③分類;④ 序(xu)號(hao)。
-電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)的分類:①線繞電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi);②薄(bo)膜(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi):碳(tan)膜(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)、合成碳(tan)膜(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)、金屬膜(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)、金屬氧化(hua)膜(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)、化(hua)學沉積膜(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)、玻璃釉膜(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)、金屬氮化(hua)膜(mo)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi);③實心電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi);④敏(min)(min)(min)感電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi):壓敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)、熱敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)、光敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)、力敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)、氣敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)、濕(shi)敏(min)(min)(min)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)(qi)。
電阻器阻值(zhi)標示方法:
1、直標法(fa):用數(shu)字和單位符(fu)號在電阻器(qi)表面標出阻值,其允許誤差(cha)直接用百分(fen)數(shu)表示,若(ruo)電阻上未(wei)注偏差(cha),則均(jun)為±20%。
2、文字(zi)(zi)(zi)符號(hao)(hao)法:用(yong)阿拉(la)伯數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)和文字(zi)(zi)(zi)符號(hao)(hao)兩者有規律(lv)的組合來表(biao)(biao)示(shi)標(biao)稱阻值,其允(yun)(yun)許偏差也用(yong)文字(zi)(zi)(zi)符號(hao)(hao)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)。符號(hao)(hao)前面的數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)整數(shu)(shu)(shu)阻值,后面的數(shu)(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)(zi)依次表(biao)(biao)示(shi)第一位小數(shu)(shu)(shu)阻值和第二位小數(shu)(shu)(shu)阻值。表(biao)(biao)示(shi)允(yun)(yun)許誤差的文字(zi)(zi)(zi)符號(hao)(hao)文字(zi)(zi)(zi)符號(hao)(hao):DFGJKM允(yun)(yun)許偏差分別為:±0.5%±1%±2%±5%±10%±20%。
3、數(shu)碼法:在(zai)電阻器上用三(san)位(wei)數(shu)碼表示標稱值(zhi)的(de)標志(zhi)方(fang)法。數(shu)碼從左到右,第(di)一、二位(wei)為有效值(zhi),第(di)三(san)位(wei)為指數(shu),即零的(de)個數(shu),單位(wei)為歐。偏差(cha)通常采用文字符號(hao)表示。
4、色(se)標(biao)法:用(yong)不同顏色(se)的帶或點在電阻器表(biao)面標(biao)出標(biao)稱(cheng)阻值和允(yun)許(xu)偏差。國外(wai)電阻大部分采用(yong)色(se)標(biao)法。
黑-0、棕-1、紅-2、橙-3、黃(huang)-4、綠-5、藍-6、紫-7、灰(hui)-8、白-9、金-±5%、銀-±10%、無色-±20%
當電阻為四(si)環時(shi),最(zui)后(hou)一環必為金色或銀色,前兩位(wei)為有(you)效數字,第(di)三位(wei)為乘方(fang)數,第(di)四(si)位(wei)為偏差。
當電阻為(wei)五環(huan)時(shi),最後(hou)一(yi)環(huan)與(yu)前(qian)面四環(huan)距離(li)較大(da)。前(qian)三位為(wei)有效數字,第四位為(wei)乘方數,第五位為(wei)偏差。
貼(tie)片(pian)電(dian)阻的阻值識別:(在通(tong)常的貼(tie)片(pian)電(dian)阻電(dian)阻表面(mian)都標識數字,或用字母來表示,阻值數法如下。
1.第一、二位(wei)數(shu)代(dai)表的是電阻的實數(shu)。
2.第三位開始(shi)的(de)數字如(ru)是0就代(dai)表幾十歐(ou)(10~99歐(ou)之間(jian))列(lie):100就為(wei)10歐(ou)的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)、990為(wei)99歐(ou)的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)
3.第三位開始的(de)數(shu)字如是1就代表幾百歐(100~999歐之(zhi)間)例:101為(wei)100歐、151為(wei)150歐、951為(wei)950歐
4.第三位開(kai)始(shi)的數字如(ru)是2就代表幾千歐(1000~9999歐之間)例:102為(wei)1K、152為(wei)1.5K、992為(wei)9.9K
5.第三位(wei)開(kai)始的數(shu)字如是3就代表幾十(shi)K(10K~99K之間)例:103為(wei)10K、223為(wei)22K、993為(wei)99K
6.第三位開始的數字如是4就代表幾百K(100K~999K之(zhi)間)例:104為100K、204為200K、854為850K
7.第三位開(kai)始的數(shu)字如(ru)是(shi)5就(jiu)代表幾M(1M~9.9之(zhi)間)例:105為1M、155為1.5M955為9.5M
8.第三位開始的數字如是6就代表十M(100K~999K之間)例:106為(wei)10M566為(wei)56M
9.對于(yu)四個數字(zi)的標法就是前三位為(wei)實數,第四位為(wei)倍數.1001為(wei)1K、1002為(wei)10K、1005為(wei)10M
電(dian)子元件知識——電(dian)容器
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong):是(shi)表征電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器容(rong)納電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)本領的(de)(de)物理量(liang)(liang)。我們把(ba)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器的(de)(de)兩極(ji)板間的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢差(cha)增加1伏所需的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang),叫做電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)符號是(shi)C。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子設備中大量(liang)(liang)使用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元件之(zhi)一,廣泛應(ying)用于隔直,耦合,旁(pang)路(lu),濾波,調諧回(hui)路(lu),能量(liang)(liang)轉換,控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)等(deng)方面。用C表示電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)單(dan)位有法(fa)拉(la)(F)、微法(fa)拉(la)(uF)、皮法(fa)拉(la)(pF),1F=10*6uF=10*12pF
1法拉(F)=1000000微法(μF)1微法(μF)=1000納法(nF)=1000000皮法(pF)
電(dian)(dian)容器的型號(hao)命名方法:國產電(dian)(dian)容器的型號(hao)一(yi)般由四部分組成(不(bu)適用(yong)于壓敏、可變、真空電(dian)(dian)容器)。依次分別代表名稱、材料、分類(lei)和(he)序號(hao)。
電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)器的(de)極(ji)性判(pan)別(bie)方法:用萬用表(biao)測量(liang)就可以了,先(xian)把電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)放(fang)電(dian),然后將表(biao)筆接到兩端(duan),擺(bai)動大的(de)那次(ci)就對了,但要注意:指針表(biao)的(de)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)對的(de)是電(dian)容(rong)的(de)負(fu)極(ji),數字表(biao)相(xiang)反(fan),而且,兩次(ci)測量(liang)之間,電(dian)容(rong)必須放(fang)電(dian)。(2)用引(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)長短(duan)來(lai)區別(bie)正(zheng)(zheng)負(fu)極(ji)長腳(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)正(zheng)(zheng),短(duan)腳(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)負(fu);電(dian)容(rong)上(shang)面有(you)標志的(de)黑塊為(wei)負(fu)極(ji)。在PCB上(shang)電(dian)容(rong)位(wei)置上(shang)有(you)兩個半圓,涂顏色的(de)半圓對應的(de)引(yin)腳(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)負(fu)極(ji)。
電(dian)容(rong)器(qi)的分類:
按照其極性分(fen)為二大類:有極性電容器(如電解(jie)電容)和無極性電容器。
按照(zhao)結構分三大(da)類:固定電(dian)容器(qi)、可變電(dian)容器(qi)和微(wei)調電(dian)容器(qi)。
按電解質(zhi)分類有:有機(ji)(ji)介質(zhi)電容器(qi)、無機(ji)(ji)介質(zhi)電容器(qi)、電解電容器(qi)和空(kong)氣介質(zhi)電容器(qi)等。
按用(yong)途分有:高頻(pin)旁路、低頻(pin)旁路、濾波、調諧(xie)、高頻(pin)耦合(he)、低頻(pin)耦合(he)、小型電容器。
電容(rong)器(qi)容(rong)量標示(shi):
1、直標法:用數(shu)字和單位符(fu)號直接標出。如01uF表(biao)示(shi)0.01微法,有(you)些電容用“R”表(biao)示(shi)小數(shu)點,如R56表(biao)示(shi)0.56微法。
2、文(wen)字(zi)(zi)符(fu)號(hao)法:用數字(zi)(zi)和文(wen)字(zi)(zi)符(fu)號(hao)有規律的組(zu)合來表示容量。如p10表示0.1pF,1p0表示1pF,6P8表示6.8pF,2u2表示2.2uF.
3、色(se)標法(fa):用色(se)環或色(se)點表示電容器的主要參數。電容器的色(se)標法(fa)與電阻(zu)相同。
電(dian)容器偏差標志符(fu)號:+100%-0--H、+100%-10%--R、+50%-10%--T、+30%-10%--Q、+50%-20%--S、+80%-20%--Z。
常用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi):鋁電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、鉭電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、薄膜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、瓷介(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、獨石(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、紙質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、微調(diao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、陶瓷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、玻璃釉電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)、云母和聚苯乙(yi)烯介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)。
電子(zi)元件知識(shi)——電感器
※電感(gan)(gan)器:電感(gan)(gan)線(xian)圈(quan)是(shi)由導線(xian)一圈(quan)*一圈(quan)地繞(rao)在絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)管上(shang),導線(xian)彼(bi)此互相絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan),而絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)管可(ke)以是(shi)空心的,也可(ke)以包含鐵芯(xin)或磁粉(fen)芯(xin),簡稱電感(gan)(gan)。在電子制作(zuo)中(zhong)雖(sui)然使(shi)用(yong)得(de)不(bu)是(shi)很多,但它們在電路中(zhong)同(tong)樣重要。電感(gan)(gan)器和電容器一樣,也是(shi)一種儲能(neng)元(yuan)件(jian),它能(neng)把電能(neng)轉(zhuan)變為(wei)磁場能(neng),并在磁場中(zhong)儲存(cun)能(neng)量。電感(gan)(gan)器用(yong)符(fu)號L表示,它的基本單(dan)位是(shi)亨利(li)(H),常用(yong)毫亨(mH)為(wei)單(dan)位。
電感器的分類(lei):
按(an)電(dian)感形式分類:固定電(dian)感、可變電(dian)感。
按繞線(xian)結構分類:單層(ceng)線(xian)圈、多層(ceng)線(xian)圈、蜂房式線(xian)圈。
按導磁(ci)體(ti)性質(zhi)分類(lei):空芯線圈(quan)(quan)、鐵氧體(ti)線圈(quan)(quan)、鐵芯線圈(quan)(quan)、銅(tong)芯線圈(quan)(quan)。
按(an)工作性質分類(lei):天線(xian)(xian)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、振蕩線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、扼流線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、陷波線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)、偏(pian)轉線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)。
電(dian)感器作用特性:它經常和電(dian)容器一起工作,構(gou)成LC濾波器、LC振蕩器等(deng)(deng)。另外,人們(men)還利用電(dian)感的(de)(de)特性,制造了阻流圈、變(bian)壓器、繼電(dian)器等(deng)(deng);電(dian)感器的(de)(de)特性恰恰與電(dian)容的(de)(de)特性相反,它具(ju)有阻止交流電(dian)通過(guo)而讓直流電(dian)通過(guo)的(de)(de)特性。
收音機上(shang)就(jiu)有不少電感(gan)線圈,幾(ji)乎都(dou)是用漆包(bao)線繞(rao)成的(de)空心線圈或在骨架磁(ci)芯、鐵芯上(shang)繞(rao)制而成的(de)。有天線線圈(它是用漆包(bao)線在磁(ci)棒上(shang)繞(rao)制而成的(de))、中頻變壓器(俗(su)稱中周(zhou))、輸入輸出變壓器等等。
常用電感(gan)器:單(dan)層線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)、蜂房式線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)、鐵氧體磁芯和鐵粉(fen)芯線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)、銅芯線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)、色碼電感(gan)器、阻流圈(quan)(quan)(quan)(扼(e)流圈(quan)(quan)(quan))、偏轉線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)。
變(bian)壓器:是由鐵芯和(he)繞(rao)(rao)在絕緣骨架上的(de)(de)(de)銅線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)線(xian)構成的(de)(de)(de)。絕緣銅線(xian)繞(rao)(rao)在塑料骨架上,每個骨架需繞(rao)(rao)制輸入(ru)和(he)輸出兩(liang)組(zu)線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)。線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中(zhong)間用絕緣紙隔(ge)離(li)。繞(rao)(rao)好(hao)后將許多鐵芯薄片插在塑料骨架的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)間。這樣就能夠(gou)使線(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)量顯著增大。變(bian)壓器利(li)用電(dian)(dian)磁感(gan)(gan)應(ying)原(yuan)理(li)從它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)向另兒個繞(rao)(rao)組(zu)傳輸電(dian)(dian)能量。變(bian)壓器在電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)具有重要的(de)(de)(de)功能:耦(ou)合交(jiao)流信號而(er)阻隔(ge)直(zhi)流信號,并可(ke)以(yi)改變(bian)輸入(ru)輸出的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓比;利(li)用變(bian)壓器使電(dian)(dian)路兩(liang)端的(de)(de)(de)阻抗得到良好(hao)匹配,以(yi)獲(huo)得最大限度的(de)(de)(de)傳送信號功率。
繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器:就是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子機(ji)械(xie)開(kai)關(guan)(guan),它(ta)是(shi)(shi)用漆包銅線在一個圓(yuan)(yuan)鐵(tie)芯(xin)上(shang)繞幾百圈(quan)至幾千(qian)圈(quan),當線圈(quan)中流(liu)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時,圓(yuan)(yuan)鐵(tie)芯(xin)產生(sheng)了磁場,把(ba)圓(yuan)(yuan)鐵(tie)芯(xin)上(shang)邊(bian)的帶有接(jie)觸(chu)片的鐵(tie)板(ban)吸住,使(shi)之斷開(kai)第一個觸(chu)點而接(jie)通(tong)第二(er)個開(kai)關(guan)(guan)觸(chu)點。當線圈(quan)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)時,鐵(tie)芯(xin)失去磁性,由(you)于接(jie)觸(chu)銅片的彈性作(zuo)用,使(shi)鐵(tie)板(ban)離開(kai)鐵(tie)芯(xin),恢復與第一個觸(chu)點的接(jie)通(tong)。因此,可(ke)以(yi)用很小的電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)去控制其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的開(kai)關(guan)(guan)。整個繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器由(you)塑料或有機(ji)玻璃防(fang)塵罩(zhao)保護著,有的還是(shi)(shi)全密封的,以(yi)防(fang)觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氧化。
電子元件知識——半(ban)導體器件
半導體:是一(yi)種具有特(te)殊性質的物質,它不像導體一(yi)樣能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)完全導電(dian),又不像絕(jue)緣體那樣不能(neng)(neng)導電(dian),它介于兩者之間(jian),所以稱為半導體。半導體最(zui)重要(yao)的兩種元素是硅(gui)(讀“gui”)和鍺(zang)(讀“zhe”)。
半導體分(fen)類:半導體主要分(fen)為二極管(guan)、三極管(guan)、可控硅、集(ji)成電路(lu)。
二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)分類:用于穩(wen)壓的穩(wen)壓二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan),用于數字(zi)電(dian)路(lu)的開關二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan),用于調諧的變容二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan),以(yi)及光(guang)電(dian)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)等,最常看見(jian)的是發光(guang)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)、整(zheng)流二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)……二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)在電(dian)路(lu)中用“D”表示;發光(guang)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)用“LED”表示;穩(wen)壓二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)用“Z”表示。
二(er)極(ji)管(guan)極(ji)性判(pan)別:
(1)普通二(er)極管:一般把極性標(biao)示在二(er)極管的(de)(de)外(wai)殼(ke)上。大多數用(yong)一個不(bu)同顏色的(de)(de)環來(lai)表示負極,有的(de)(de)直(zhi)接標(biao)上“-”號(hao)。
(2)發光(guang)(guang)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)極(ji)(ji)性判別可以從管(guan)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和管(guan)子內部(bu)結構(gou)來判別,如(ru)果管(guan)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)被(bei)剪過的(de)(de)(de),目前普遍認為發光(guang)(guang)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)長管(guan)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)(shi)正極(ji)(ji),短管(guan)腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)是(shi)(shi)負極(ji)(ji),和立式電(dian)解電(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)極(ji)(ji)性辨(bian)別是(shi)(shi)一(yi)致的(de)(de)(de)。從管(guan)芯內部(bu)結構(gou)來看,管(guan)芯是(shi)(shi)由大小瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)兩部(bu)分組成(cheng),大瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)上有一(yi)圓錐坑以便(bian)聚光(guang)(guang)提高亮(liang)度,中間通過一(yi)細金屬線將兩瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)連在一(yi)起(qi),與(yu)管(guan)芯小瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)部(bu)分相接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)長腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)正極(ji)(ji),與(yu)管(guan)芯大瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)部(bu)分相接(jie)(jie)是(shi)(shi)短腳(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)負極(ji)(ji)。
(3)萬用表歐(ou)姆(mu)檔來判斷,當正(zheng)向導通(tong)時電阻(zu)值小,用黑(hei)表筆連接的(de)就是二(er)極管(guan)的(de)正(zheng)極。順口溜(liu)叫“黑(hei)小正(zheng)、紅大負”。
普(pu)通二極管的檢測:二極管的極性通常在管殼上注有標記,如(ru)無標記,可(ke)用(yong)萬用(yong)表(biao)電(dian)阻(zu)檔(dang)(dang)測量其正反向電(dian)阻(zu)來判斷(一(yi)般用(yong)R×100或×1K檔(dang)(dang))
普通發光二極管的檢測(ce):
(1)利(li)用具有×10kΩ擋的指針式萬(wan)用表可以大致判(pan)斷發光二極管(guan)的好(hao)壞。正常時,二極管(guan)正向(xiang)(xiang)電阻(zu)阻(zu)值為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)幾(ji)十(shi)至200kΩ,反向(xiang)(xiang)電阻(zu)的值為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)∝。如果正向(xiang)(xiang)電阻(zu)值為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0或為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)∞,反向(xiang)(xiang)電阻(zu)值很小或為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)0,則(ze)易損(sun)壞。這種檢測方法,不能實地看到發光管(guan)的發光情況,因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)×10kΩ擋不能向(xiang)(xiang)LED提(ti)供較大正向(xiang)(xiang)電流。
(2)用3V穩壓源或兩節串(chuan)聯的干電池及萬用表(指(zhi)針式(shi)或數字式(shi)皆可(ke)(ke)(ke))可(ke)(ke)(ke)以較準確(que)測(ce)量(liang)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)二極管(guan)的光(guang)(guang)、電特(te)性。為此可(ke)(ke)(ke)按(an)圖10所示連(lian)接電路即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)。如果測(ce)得(de)VF在1.4~3V之間,且(qie)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)亮度正(zheng)常,可(ke)(ke)(ke)以說(shuo)明(ming)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)正(zheng)常。如果測(ce)得(de)VF=0或VF≈3V,且(qie)不發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang),說(shuo)明(ming)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)管(guan)已(yi)壞。
紅(hong)(hong)(hong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)極管(guan)的檢測(ce):由(you)于(yu)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)極管(guan),它發(fa)(fa)射1~3μm的紅(hong)(hong)(hong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)光(guang)(guang),人眼看不到。通常單只(zhi)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)二(er)極管(guan)發(fa)(fa)射功(gong)率只(zhi)有數(shu)mW,不同型號的紅(hong)(hong)(hong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)LED發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)強度角分布也(ye)不相同。紅(hong)(hong)(hong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)LED的正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)向壓降一般為1.3~2.5V。正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)由(you)于(yu)其(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)射的紅(hong)(hong)(hong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)光(guang)(guang)人眼看不見(jian),所以利用(yong)(yong)上(shang)述可見(jian)光(guang)(guang)LED的檢測(ce)法只(zhi)能(neng)判(pan)定其(qi)(qi)PN結正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、反向電學(xue)特性是(shi)否(fou)(fou)正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)常,而無法判(pan)定其(qi)(qi)發(fa)(fa)光(guang)(guang)情(qing)(qing)況正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)常否(fou)(fou)。為此,最(zui)好(hao)準備一只(zhi)光(guang)(guang)敏器(qi)(qi)件(如2CR、2DR型硅(gui)光(guang)(guang)電池)作接收(shou)器(qi)(qi)。用(yong)(yong)萬用(yong)(yong)表(biao)測(ce)光(guang)(guang)電池兩端電壓的變(bian)化(hua)情(qing)(qing)況。來判(pan)斷紅(hong)(hong)(hong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)LED加(jia)上(shang)適(shi)當正(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)向電流后是(shi)否(fou)(fou)發(fa)(fa)射紅(hong)(hong)(hong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)光(guang)(guang)。
三極(ji)管:三極(ji)管就是由二個(ge)(ge)PN結構成三個(ge)(ge)極(ji)的電(dian)子元件,基極(ji)(B)集電(dian)極(ji)(C)、發射極(ji)(E)。
三極管作(zuo)用(yong):三極管在電(dian)路中主要(yao)起電(dian)流放大和開關(guan)作(zuo)用(yong);也起隔離(li)作(zuo)用(yong)。
三極(ji)管命(ming)(ming)名:中國半導體器件(jian)(jian)型(xing)號命(ming)(ming)名方法半導體器件(jian)(jian)型(xing)號由五(wu)部(bu)分(fen)(場效應器件(jian)(jian)、半導體特殊器件(jian)(jian)、復合管、PIN型(xing)管、激光器件(jian)(jian)的(de)型(xing)號命(ming)(ming)名只有(you)第(di)三、四、五(wu)部(bu)分(fen))組成。
第一部分:用數(shu)字表(biao)示半導體器(qi)件有效電極數(shu)目。2-二極管、3-三極管。
第二部分:用漢語(yu)拼音字母表示(shi)半導(dao)體器件的材(cai)料(liao)和極(ji)性。表示(shi)二極(ji)管時:A-N型(xing)(xing)(xing)鍺(zang)材(cai)料(liao)、B-P型(xing)(xing)(xing)鍺(zang)材(cai)料(liao)、C-N型(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)材(cai)料(liao)、D-P型(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)材(cai)料(liao)。表示(shi)三極(ji)管時:A-PNP型(xing)(xing)(xing)鍺(zang)材(cai)料(liao)、B-NPN型(xing)(xing)(xing)鍺(zang)材(cai)料(liao)、C-PNP型(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)材(cai)料(liao)、D-NPN型(xing)(xing)(xing)硅(gui)材(cai)料(liao)。
第三部(bu)分:用漢語(yu)拼(pin)音字母表示半(ban)導體(ti)器(qi)件(jian)的(de)內型。P-普通管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、V-微波管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、W-穩壓(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、C-參(can)量管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、Z-整(zheng)流(liu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、L-整(zheng)流(liu)堆(dui)、S-隧(sui)道(dao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、N-阻尼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、U- 光(guang)電器(qi)件(jian)、K-開關管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、X-低頻(pin)小(xiao)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(F<3MHz,Pc<1W)、G-高頻(pin)小(xiao)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(f>3MHz,Pc<1W)、D-低頻(pin)大(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(f<3MHz,Pc>1W)、A-高頻(pin)大(da)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(f>3MHz,Pc>1W)、T-半(ban)導體(ti)晶閘管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(可控整(zheng)流(liu)器(qi))、 Y-體(ti)效(xiao)應器(qi)件(jian)、B-雪崩管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、J-階(jie)躍恢復管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、CS-場效(xiao)應管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、BT-半(ban)導體(ti)特殊器(qi)件(jian)、FH-復合管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、PIN-PIN型管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、JG-激光(guang)器(qi)件(jian)。
第四部(bu)分:用(yong)(yong)數字(zi)表(biao)示(shi)序號第五部(bu)分:用(yong)(yong)漢語(yu)拼(pin)音字(zi)母(mu)表(biao)示(shi)規格號
例如:3DG18表示NPN型硅材料高頻三極管(guan)
三極(ji)管分類
1)按材(cai)料和極性分有(you)硅/鍺(zang)材(cai)料的NPN與PNP三極管。
2)按功(gong)率(lv)分(fen)有小(xiao)功(gong)率(lv)三極管(guan)、中(zhong)功(gong)率(lv)三極管(guan)、大(da)功(gong)率(lv)三極管(guan)。
3)按用途分有(you)高、中頻放大管、低(di)頻放大管、低(di)噪(zao)聲放大管、光電管、開關管、高反(fan)壓(ya)管、達林頓(dun)管、帶阻尼的三極管等。
4)按工作頻(pin)率分有低頻(pin)三極管(guan)、高頻(pin)三極管(guan)和超高頻(pin)三極管(guan)。
5)按(an)制(zhi)作(zuo)工藝(yi)分有平面(mian)型三極(ji)(ji)管、合金型三極(ji)(ji)管、擴散型三極(ji)(ji)管。
6)按外(wai)形封(feng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)的不(bu)同可分為金屬封(feng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)三極管、玻璃封(feng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)三極管、陶瓷(ci)封(feng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)三極管、塑料封(feng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)三極管等。
三(san)極管引腳極性:插件引腳圖示(1),貼件引腳圖示(2)下圖為9014。般(ban)中小(xiao)功(gong)率的三(san)極管都是遵守左向右依次為ebc(條件是中小(xiao)功(gong)率塑料三(san)極管按(an)圖使(shi)其平(ping)面朝向自己,三(san)個(ge)引腳朝下放置,則從左到(dao)右依次為ebc)。
場效應管:MOS場效應管即金屬-氧(yang)化(hua)物-半(ban)導體型(xing)場效應管,英(ying)文(wen)縮寫為MOSFET(Metal-Oxide-SemiconductorField-Effect-Transistor),屬于絕(jue)緣柵型(xing)。
金屬氧化物半導體(ti)場(chang)效應三極管的基(ji)本工(gong)作原理是靠半導體(ti)表面的電(dian)(dian)場(chang)效應,在半導體(ti)中(zhong)感生出導電(dian)(dian)溝道來進行工(gong)作的。當(dang)柵(zha)G電(dian)(dian)壓VG增大時(shi)(shi),p型半導體(ti)表面的多(duo)數載(zai)流(liu)子(zi)棗(zao)空穴逐(zhu)漸(jian)減少、耗盡,而電(dian)(dian)子(zi)逐(zhu)漸(jian)積累到反型。當(dang)表面達到反型時(shi)(shi),電(dian)(dian)子(zi)積累層將(jiang)在n+源(yuan)區(qu)S和n+漏區(qu)D之間形成導電(dian)(dian)溝道。
當VDS≠0時,源(yuan)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)極之間有較大的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流IDS流過。使半導(dao)體表面達到強反型(xing)時所需加(jia)的(de)(de)柵(zha)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓稱為(wei)閾值電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓VT。當VGS>VT并取不同數值時,反型(xing)層的(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力將改變(bian),在相同的(de)(de)VDS下也(ye)將產(chan)生不同的(de)(de)IDS,實現柵(zha)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓VGS對(dui)源(yuan)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)流IDS的(de)(de)控制。
場(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)分(fen)類:場(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)管主要(yao)有(you)結型場(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)管(JFET)和(he)絕(jue)緣柵(zha)型場(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)管(IGFET)。絕(jue)緣柵(zha)型場(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)管的(de)襯(chen)底(B)與(yu)源析(S)連(lian)在(zai)一起,它的(de)三(san)個(ge)極(ji)(ji)分(fen)別(bie)為柵(zha)極(ji)(ji)(G)、漏極(ji)(ji)(D)和(he)源極(ji)(ji)(S)。晶體(ti)管分(fen)NPN和(he)PNP管,它的(de)三(san)個(ge)極(ji)(ji)分(fen)別(bie)為基(ji)極(ji)(ji)(b)、集電極(ji)(ji)(c)、發(fa)射極(ji)(ji)(e)。場(chang)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)管的(de)G、D、S極(ji)(ji)與(yu)晶體(ti)管的(de)b、c、e極(ji)(ji)有(you)相似(si)的(de)功能(neng)。
絕緣(yuan)柵型效應(ying)管和結型場(chang)效應(ying)管的(de)區(qu)別(bie)在(zai)于(yu)它們(men)的(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)機構(gou)和電(dian)(dian)流(liu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)原(yuan)理根(gen)本(ben)不同,結型管是(shi)利用耗盡區(qu)的(de)寬度變(bian)(bian)化來(lai)改(gai)變(bian)(bian)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)溝(gou)道的(de)寬窄以便控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)漏極電(dian)(dian)流(liu),絕緣(yuan)柵型場(chang)效應(ying)管則是(shi)用半導(dao)體表面的(de)電(dian)(dian)場(chang)效應(ying)、電(dian)(dian)感(gan)應(ying)電(dian)(dian)荷的(de)多少去改(gai)變(bian)(bian)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)溝(gou)道來(lai)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)。
它們性質的(de)差(cha)異使結(jie)型場效應(ying)管往往運用(yong)(yong)在功放輸入級(ji)(前(qian)級(ji)),絕緣柵型場效應(ying)管則用(yong)(yong)在功放末級(ji)(輸出(chu)級(ji))。場效應(ying)管的(de)工作原理(li)和三極管其本一(yi)(yi)樣,只是(shi)他(ta)們一(yi)(yi)個(ge)是(shi)壓控型元件(jian),一(yi)(yi)個(ge)是(shi)電流控制元件(jian),場效應(ying)管只有(you)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)PN結(jie),如(ru)圖所示1-1
場(chang)效應分類使用(yong)注意事項及檢測方法:MOS場(chang)效應管(guan)比較“嬌(jiao)氣”。這是由于它(ta)的輸入電(dian)(dian)阻很(hen)高,而(er)(er)柵-源(yuan)極(ji)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)容又非常(chang)小,極(ji)易受外界電(dian)(dian)磁場(chang)或靜電(dian)(dian)的感應而(er)(er)帶電(dian)(dian),而(er)(er)少量電(dian)(dian)荷就可在極(ji)間(jian)電(dian)(dian)容上形成相(xiang)當高的電(dian)(dian)壓(U=Q/C),將管(guan)子損壞(huai)。因此(ci)出(chu)廠時各管(guan)腳都(dou)絞(jiao)合在一起(qi),或裝在金屬箔內(nei),使G極(ji)與(yu)S極(ji)呈(cheng)等電(dian)(dian)位,防(fang)止積(ji)累靜電(dian)(dian)荷。管(guan)子不用(yong)時,全部(bu)引線也應短接。
在測量時應格外小(xiao)心(xin),并采(cai)取相(xiang)應的(de)防(fang)靜電感措施。測量之前,先(xian)把人體對地短路后,才能摸觸MOSFET的(de)管腳。最好在手腕上接一條導(dao)線(xian)與大地連通,使人體與大地保持等電位。再(zai)把管腳分(fen)開,然后拆掉導(dao)線(xian)。將萬用表撥于(yu)R×100檔,首(shou)先(xian)確(que)定柵極。
若某腳(jiao)與(yu)其(qi)(qi)它腳(jiao)的電(dian)阻(zu)都是(shi)無窮大,證明(ming)此腳(jiao)就是(shi)柵極(ji)G。交(jiao)換表筆重測量,S-D之(zhi)間(jian)的電(dian)阻(zu)值應(ying)為幾(ji)百歐(ou)至(zhi)幾(ji)千歐(ou),其(qi)(qi)中阻(zu)值較(jiao)小的那一(yi)次,黑表筆接的為D極(ji),紅(hong)表筆接的是(shi)S極(ji)。日本生(sheng)產的3SK系列(lie)產品(pin),S極(ji)與(yu)管殼(ke)接通,據此很容易確定S極(ji)。將G極(ji)懸(xuan)空,黑表筆接D極(ji),紅(hong)表筆接S極(ji),然后用手指觸摸G極(ji),表針應(ying)有較(jiao)大的偏轉。
雙(shuang)柵MOS場效應(ying)管有兩個柵極(ji)(ji)(ji)G1、G2。為(wei)區分(fen)之,可(ke)用(yong)手分(fen)別觸摸G1、G2極(ji)(ji)(ji),其中表針(zhen)向左側偏轉幅(fu)度較大的為(wei)G2極(ji)(ji)(ji)。目前有的MOSFET管在G-S極(ji)(ji)(ji)間增加了(le)(le)保護二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管,平時(shi)就不需要(yao)把各管腳短路了(le)(le)。對于其它相關認識,我不做細說(shuo),只要(yao)大家(jia)能認識就行了(le)(le)。
集(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu):集(ji)成(cheng)電路(lu)是一種(zhong)采(cai)用(yong)特殊工藝,將晶(jing)體管、電阻、電容等元件(jian)集(ji)成(cheng)在硅基片上(shang)而形成(cheng)的(de)具有一定功能(neng)的(de)器件(jian),英(ying)文為(wei)縮寫為(wei)IC,也俗稱芯片。在電路(lu)中用(yong)“U”表示(shi)。
集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路分類(lei):集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路根(gen)據(ju)不同(tong)的功能(neng)用途分為(wei)模(mo)擬和數字(zi)兩大派別,而具體(ti)功能(neng)更是(shi)數不勝數,其應(ying)用遍及人類(lei)生活(huo)的方(fang)方(fang)面(mian)面(mian)。集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路根(gen)據(ju)內部(bu)的集(ji)成(cheng)度(du)分為(wei)大規(gui)模(mo)中規(gui)模(mo)小規(gui)模(mo)三類(lei)。其封(feng)(feng)裝又有許多形(xing)式。“雙列直(zhi)插”和“單列直(zhi)插”的最為(wei)常(chang)見。消(xiao)費類(lei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子產品中用軟封(feng)(feng)裝的IC,精密產品中用貼片封(feng)(feng)裝的IC等。
集成電(dian)路使(shi)用注(zhu)意事項:大部份IC采用CMOS元件為核心集成;對(dui)于CMOS型(xing)IC,特(te)別要(yao)注(zhu)意防止靜電(dian)擊(ji)穿(chuan)IC,最好也(ye)不要(yao)用未(wei)接(jie)地(di)的(de)電(dian)烙鐵(tie)焊接(jie)。使(shi)用IC也(ye)要(yao)注(zhu)意其參數,如工(gong)作電(dian)壓,散熱等。數字IC多用+5V的(de)工(gong)作電(dian)壓,模(mo)擬IC工(gong)作電(dian)壓各(ge)異。
集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路型號:集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路有各種(zhong)(zhong)型號,其(qi)命名也有一定規律。一般(ban)是由前(qian)綴、數字編號、后綴組(zu)成(cheng)。前(qian)綴表(biao)示集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路的(de)生產(chan)廠家及類別,后綴一般(ban)用來表(biao)示集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路的(de)封裝(zhuang)形式(shi)、版(ban)本(ben)代號等。常用的(de)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)路如小(xiao)功率音頻放大器LM386就因為后綴不同而有許多種(zhong)(zhong)。
回(hui)收(shou)各類電子(zi)元器件(jian)(jian),所指(zhi)的是電子(zi)元器件(jian)(jian)在使用(yong)后的報廢品或者(zhe)淘(tao)汰(tai)品,因(yin)為無法再對廠家(jia)產生(sheng)使用(yong)價值或已(yi)經(jing)被淘(tao)汰(tai)不(bu)匹配的產品,為了(le)不(bu)丟(diu)棄(qi)污染環(huan)境,一些(xie)回(hui)收(shou)廠商會把這(zhe)些(xie)電子(zi)元器件(jian)(jian)按回(hui)收(shou)價格(ge)重新(xin)回(hui)收(shou)加工(gong)利(li)用(yong),所以這(zhe)種(zhong)方式是對雙(shuang)方都有利(li)的。