電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)打下基礎,到目(mu)前位置每個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)都離不(bu)開電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian),不(bu)管是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感,總有一種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)是為(wei)其所用的(de),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)更新(xin)速度加快,導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)的(de)不(bu)斷堆積,電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)回收市場也(ye)不(bu)斷的(de)擴大(da),很多人不(bu)知(zhi)道自己的電子元(yuan)件(jian)是否在回(hui)收(shou)范(fan)圍內,下(xia)面小(xiao)編告訴(su)你電子元(yuan)件(jian)回(hui)收(shou)的基本元(yuan)件(jian)有哪些。
電(dian)子元(yuan)件回收的十大產品
基本電(dian)子元件(jian):電(dian)阻
作(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)子行業的(de)工作(zuo)者,電(dian)(dian)阻是無人(ren)(ren)不(bu)知(zhi)無人(ren)(ren)不(bu)曉(xiao)的(de)。它(ta)的(de)重(zhong)要性,毋(wu)庸置疑。人(ren)(ren)們(men)都說“電(dian)(dian)阻是所有電(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)路中使(shi)用最多的(de)元件。”
電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu),因為(wei)物(wu)質(zhi)對電(dian)(dian)流產生(sheng)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙作用,所以稱其該作用下的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)物(wu)質(zhi)。電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)將(jiang)會導(dao)致電(dian)(dian)子(zi)流通量的(de)變化,電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)越小,電(dian)(dian)子(zi)流通量越大,反之(zhi)亦然。沒有電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)或電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)很小的(de)物(wu)質(zhi)稱其為(wei)電(dian)(dian)導(dao)體(ti)(ti),簡稱導(dao)體(ti)(ti)。不能形成電(dian)(dian)流傳輸的(de)物(wu)質(zhi)稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)絕緣(yuan)體(ti)(ti),簡稱絕緣(yuan)體(ti)(ti)。
在物理學中(zhong),用電阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(Resistance)來表(biao)示(shi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體對(dui)電流(liu)(liu)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)用的(de)大(da)小。導(dao)(dao)(dao)體的(de)電阻(zu)(zu)(zu)越大(da),表(biao)示(shi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體對(dui)電流(liu)(liu)的(de)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)用越大(da)。不同(tong)的(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體,電阻(zu)(zu)(zu)一般不同(tong),電阻(zu)(zu)(zu)是導(dao)(dao)(dao)體本(ben)身(shen)的(de)一種特性。電阻(zu)(zu)(zu)元件(jian)(jian)是對(dui)電流(liu)(liu)呈(cheng)現阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)用的(de)耗能元件(jian)(jian)。
基本電(dian)子元件(jian):電(dian)容
電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(或電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量, Capacitance)指的是(shi)在給定電(dian)(dian)位差下(xia)的電(dian)(dian)荷儲藏量;記為C,國際單位是(shi)法拉(F)。一般來說(shuo),電(dian)(dian)荷在電(dian)(dian)場中會受力而移動(dong),當導體(ti)之(zhi)間(jian)有(you)了(le)介質,則阻(zu)礙了(le)電(dian)(dian)荷移動(dong)而使(shi)得電(dian)(dian)荷累積(ji)在導體(ti)上;造(zao)成電(dian)(dian)荷的累積(ji)儲存,最常(chang)見的例子就是(shi)兩片平行(xing)金屬(shu)板。也是(shi)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器的俗稱(cheng)。
1、電(dian)容(rong)在電(dian)路中(zhong)一般用“C”加數(shu)字表(biao)示(shi)(如(ru)C13表(biao)示(shi)編號為(wei)(wei)13的電(dian)容(rong))。電(dian)容(rong)是由兩片金屬膜緊靠,中(zhong)間用絕緣材料隔開(kai)而組成的元件(jian)。電(dian)容(rong)的特性主要(yao)是隔直流(liu)通交流(liu)。電(dian)容(rong)容(rong)量的大小就是表(biao)示(shi)能貯(zhu)存電(dian)能的大小,電(dian)容(rong)對交流(liu)信號的阻(zu)礙(ai)作(zuo)用稱為(wei)(wei)容(rong)抗,它與交流(liu)信號的頻率和電(dian)容(rong)量有關(guan)。
容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)抗(kang)XC=1/2πf c (f表示(shi)(shi)交流信號的(de)頻率,C表示(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang))電(dian)(dian)(dian)話機(ji)中(zhong)常用電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)種類有電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、瓷片(pian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、貼(tie)片(pian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、獨石電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)、鉭(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)滌綸電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)等。
2、識別方法(fa)(fa)(fa):電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的識別方法(fa)(fa)(fa)與電(dian)阻(zu)的識別方法(fa)(fa)(fa)基(ji)本相同,分直標法(fa)(fa)(fa)、色標法(fa)(fa)(fa)和數(shu)標法(fa)(fa)(fa)3種(zhong)。電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的基(ji)本單(dan)位用(yong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)拉(F)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),其(qi)它(ta)單(dan)位還(huan)有(you):毫(hao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(mF)、微法(fa)(fa)(fa)(uF)、納法(fa)(fa)(fa)(nF)、皮(pi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(pF)。其(qi)中:1法(fa)(fa)(fa)拉=103毫(hao)法(fa)(fa)(fa)=106微法(fa)(fa)(fa)=109納法(fa)(fa)(fa)=1012皮(pi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量大的電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)其(qi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量值在電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)上(shang)直接標明,如(ru)10 uF/16V容(rong)(rong)(rong)量小(xiao)的電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)其(qi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量值在電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)上(shang)用(yong)字(zi)(zi)母(mu)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)字(zi)(zi)母(mu)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa):1m=1000 uF 1P2=1.2PF 1n=1000PF ;數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa):一(yi)般用(yong)三(san)(san)位數(shu)字(zi)(zi)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量大小(xiao),前兩位表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)效(xiao)數(shu)字(zi)(zi),第(di)三(san)(san)位數(shu)字(zi)(zi)是倍率。如(ru):102表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)10×102PF=1000PF 224表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)22×104PF=0.22 uF3、電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量誤(wu)差表(biao)(biao)符號 F G J K L M允許誤(wu)差 ±1% ±2% ±5% ±10% ±15% ±20%如(ru):一(yi)瓷片電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)為104J表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)容(rong)(rong)(rong)量為0. 1 uF、誤(wu)差為±5%。
基本(ben)電子(zi)元件:晶(jing)體二極管
晶體二極(ji)管(crystaldiode)固態(tai)電子器件(jian)中的半(ban)(ban)導體兩端(duan)器件(jian)。這些器件(jian)主(zhu)要(yao)的特(te)征是具有非線(xian)性(xing)的電流-電壓(ya)特(te)性(xing)。此后隨著半(ban)(ban)導體材料(liao)和工藝技(ji)術的發展,利用不(bu)同(tong)的半(ban)(ban)導體材料(liao)、摻雜分布、幾何結(jie)構(gou),研制出結(jie)構(gou)種類繁多、功能用途各異的多種晶體二極(ji)管。制造材料(liao)有鍺、硅及化(hua)合物半(ban)(ban)導體。晶體二極(ji)管可用來產生、控(kong)制、接收、變換、放大信號和進行能量轉換等。
晶體二(er)極(ji)管在電路中(zhong)常用“D”加數字表示,如: D5表示編號為5的二(er)極(ji)管。
1、作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong):二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)主要特性是單向(xiang)導電性,也就是在正向(xiang)電壓(ya)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)下,導通(tong)電阻很小;而在反向(xiang)電壓(ya)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)下導通(tong)電阻極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)大或無(wu)(wu)窮(qiong)大。正因為(wei)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)具有上(shang)述特性,無(wu)(wu)繩電話機中常把它用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在整流、隔離(li)、穩(wen)壓(ya)、極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)性保護、編碼控制、調頻調制和靜噪(zao)等(deng)電路中。電話機里使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)晶體(ti)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)按作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei):整流二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(如(ru)(ru)1N4004)、隔離(li)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(如(ru)(ru)1N4148)、肖(xiao)特基二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(如(ru)(ru)BAT85)、發光二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)、穩(wen)壓(ya)二(er)(er)(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)等(deng)。
2、識(shi)別方法:二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的識(shi)別很簡單,小功率二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的N極(ji)(ji)(ji)(負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)),在二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)外表(biao)大多(duo)采用(yong)一種色(se)圈(quan)標出(chu)來,有些二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)也用(yong)二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)專用(yong)符(fu)號來表(biao)示P極(ji)(ji)(ji)(正極(ji)(ji)(ji))或(huo)N極(ji)(ji)(ji)(負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)),也有采用(yong)符(fu)號標志為“P”、“N”來確定二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)極(ji)(ji)(ji)性的。發光二極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)的正負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)可(ke)從引腳長(chang)短(duan)來識(shi)別,長(chang)腳為正,短(duan)腳為負(fu)。
3、測試注意(yi)事項:用(yong)數(shu)字式萬用(yong)表(biao)去測二(er)極(ji)管時,紅表(biao)筆(bi)接(jie)二(er)極(ji)管的(de)正極(ji),黑表(biao)筆(bi)接(jie)二(er)極(ji)管的(de)負(fu)極(ji),此(ci)時測得的(de)阻(zu)值才是(shi)二(er)極(ji)管的(de)正向導通(tong)阻(zu)值,這(zhe)與指針式萬用(yong)表(biao)的(de)表(biao)筆(bi)接(jie)法(fa)剛好相反。
4、常(chang)用的1N4000系列二極管耐(nai)(nai)壓比較如(ru)下(xia):型號 1N40011N40021N4003 1N4004 1N40051N40061N4007耐(nai)(nai)壓(V) 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000電流(liu)(A) 均為(wei)1 。
基本電(dian)子元件:穩(wen)壓二極管
穩壓(ya)二極(ji)管(guan)(又叫齊(qi)納二極(ji)管(guan)),此二極(ji)管(guan)是一種直到臨界(jie)反向擊穿電壓(ya)前都具有很高電阻的半導體器件(jian).
穩壓二極(ji)管在電路(lu)中常用(yong)“ZD”加數字表示(shi),如:ZD5表示(shi)編號為5的穩壓管。
1、穩壓(ya)(ya)二極管的穩壓(ya)(ya)原理:穩壓(ya)(ya)二極管的特(te)點就是擊穿后,其兩端的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)基本保持不變。這(zhe)樣,當把穩壓(ya)(ya)管接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)以后,若由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)發(fa)生波(bo)動,或其它原因(yin)造成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)各點電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)變動時(shi),負載(zai)兩端的電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)將(jiang)基本保持不變。
2、故(gu)障(zhang)特點:穩壓二(er)極(ji)管的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)主要表現在(zai)開(kai)路、短路和穩壓值(zhi)不(bu)穩定。在(zai)這(zhe)3種故(gu)障(zhang)中(zhong),前一種故(gu)障(zhang)表現出(chu)電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)壓升高;后2種故(gu)障(zhang)表現為電(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)壓變低(di)到(dao)零(ling)伏(fu)或(huo)輸出(chu)不(bu)穩定。常用(yong)穩壓二(er)極(ji)管的(de)型號(hao)及穩壓值(zhi)如下表:型 號(hao) 1N47281N4729 1N4730 1N4732 1N4733 1N4734 1N4735 1N4744 1N4750 1N4751 1N4761穩壓值(zhi) 3.3V 3.6V 3.9V 4.7V 5.1V 5.6V 6.2V 15V 27V 30V 75V 。
基(ji)本電子元件:電感(gan)
電(dian)感(gan)(gan):當線圈通過電(dian)流(liu)后(hou),在(zai)線圈中形成磁場感(gan)(gan)應(ying),感(gan)(gan)應(ying)磁場又(you)會產生感(gan)(gan)應(ying)電(dian)流(liu)來抵制通過線圈中的(de)電(dian)流(liu)。我們把這種電(dian)流(liu)與(yu)線圈的(de)相互(hu)作用關(guan)系稱其(qi)為電(dian)的(de)感(gan)(gan)抗,也就是電(dian)感(gan)(gan),單位(wei)是“亨利”(H)。也可利用此(ci)性質制成電(dian)感(gan)(gan)元件。
電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai)電(dian)路中常用“L”加(jia)數字表(biao)示(shi)(shi),如:L6表(biao)示(shi)(shi)編號(hao)(hao)為(wei)6的電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)。電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)線圈是(shi)將絕緣的導線在(zai)絕緣的骨架上繞一(yi)定的圈數制成(cheng)。直(zhi)流(liu)可(ke)通(tong)過線圈,直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)阻就是(shi)導線本身的電(dian)阻,壓降很小;當交(jiao)流(liu)信號(hao)(hao)通(tong)過線圈時,線圈兩端將會產生自感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)電(dian)動勢,自感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)電(dian)動勢的方向(xiang)與外加(jia)電(dian)壓的方向(xiang)相反,阻礙交(jiao)流(liu)的通(tong)過,所以電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)的特性是(shi)通(tong)直(zhi)流(liu)阻交(jiao)流(liu),頻率(lv)越高,線圈阻抗越大。電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)在(zai)電(dian)路中可(ke)與電(dian)容組成(cheng)振(zhen)蕩電(dian)路。電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)一(yi)般有直(zhi)標法(fa)和色標法(fa),色標法(fa)與電(dian)阻類似。如:棕(zong)、黑、金(jin)、金(jin)表(biao)示(shi)(shi)1uH(誤(wu)差(cha)5%)的電(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)。
電感的(de)基本單位為:亨(H) 換算單位有:1H=103mH=106uH。
基本電子元件(jian):變容(rong)二極管
變容(rong)(rong)二極(ji)(ji)管(Varactor Diodes)又稱"可(ke)變電(dian)抗二極(ji)(ji)管"。是一(yi)種利(li)用(yong)PN結電(dian)容(rong)(rong)(勢壘電(dian)容(rong)(rong))與其(qi)反向偏置電(dian)壓Vr的依賴關系(xi)及原(yuan)理制成的二極(ji)(ji)管,其(qi)結構如右(you)圖所示。
管(guan)(guan)變(bian)(bian)容(rong)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)是根據普(pu)通(tong)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)內部 “PN結” 的(de)(de)結電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)能(neng)隨外加反向電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)而變(bian)(bian)化(hua)這一原理(li)專門設計出來(lai)的(de)(de)一種(zhong)特殊二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)。變(bian)(bian)容(rong)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)在(zai)(zai)無繩(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話機(ji)中(zhong)主(zhu)要用在(zai)(zai)手(shou)機(ji)或座機(ji)的(de)(de)高(gao)頻(pin)調制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路上,實(shi)現低頻(pin)信(xin)號(hao)調制(zhi)到高(gao)頻(pin)信(xin)號(hao)上,并發射出去(qu)。在(zai)(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)狀態,變(bian)(bian)容(rong)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)調制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓一般加到負極(ji)(ji)上,使變(bian)(bian)容(rong)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)內部結電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)容(rong)量隨調制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)而變(bian)(bian)化(hua)。變(bian)(bian)容(rong)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)發生故障,主(zhu)要表現為漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)或性能(neng)變(bian)(bian)差(cha):(1)發生漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)現象時(shi),高(gao)頻(pin)調制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路將不工(gong)作(zuo)或調制(zhi)性能(neng)變(bian)(bian)差(cha)。(2)變(bian)(bian)容(rong)性能(neng)變(bian)(bian)差(cha)時(shi),高(gao)頻(pin)調制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)不穩定,使調制(zhi)后的(de)(de)高(gao)頻(pin)信(xin)號(hao)發送到對(dui)方被對(dui)方接收后產生失(shi)真。出現上述情況之(zhi)一時(shi),就應該更換同(tong)型號(hao)的(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)容(rong)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)。
基本電(dian)子元件(jian):晶(jing)體三極管
晶體三(san)極(ji)管(guan)(guan),是(shi)半導(dao)體基(ji)本(ben)元器件之一,具有(you)電(dian)流(liu)放大作用,是(shi)電(dian)子電(dian)路的核心元件。三(san)極(ji)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)在一塊半導(dao)體基(ji)片上(shang)制作兩個(ge)相距很近(jin)的PN結,兩個(ge)PN結把正塊半導(dao)體分(fen)(fen)成三(san)部(bu)分(fen)(fen),中間部(bu)分(fen)(fen)是(shi)基(ji)區,兩側(ce)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)是(shi)發射區和集(ji)電(dian)區,排(pai)列方式有(you)PNP和NPN兩種。
晶(jing)體(ti)三(san)極管在電路中(zhong)常用“Q”加數字(zi)表(biao)示,如:Q17表(biao)示編號為17的三(san)極管。
1、特點(dian):晶體(ti)三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)(簡稱(cheng)三極(ji)管(guan)(guan))是(shi)內部含(han)有(you)(you)2個PN結,并且具有(you)(you)放大能力的特殊器件。它分NPN型和PNP型兩(liang)種類型,這(zhe)兩(liang)種類型的三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)從(cong)工作特性上(shang)可(ke)互相彌補,所謂(wei)OTL電(dian)路(lu)中的對管(guan)(guan)就是(shi)由PNP型和NPN型配對使用(yong)。電(dian)話機中常用(yong)的PNP型三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)有(you)(you):A92、9015等型號;NPN型三極(ji)管(guan)(guan)有(you)(you):A42、9014、9018、9013、9012等型號。
2、晶(jing)體三(san)(san)極管(guan)主要用(yong)于(yu)放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)起放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)(da)作用(yong),在常見電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)有三(san)(san)種接法。為了便于(yu)比較,將(jiang)晶(jing)體管(guan)三(san)(san)種接法電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)所具有的特點列(lie)于(yu)下(xia)表(biao),供大(da)(da)(da)家(jia)參(can)考(kao)。名稱 共發射極電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)共集電(dian)(dian)極電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(射極輸出(chu)器(qi)(qi)) 共基極電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)輸入(ru)阻抗(kang) 中(zhong)(幾(ji)百歐(ou)(ou)(ou)~幾(ji)千(qian)歐(ou)(ou)(ou)) 大(da)(da)(da)(幾(ji)十(shi)(shi)千(qian)歐(ou)(ou)(ou)以上(shang)) 小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(幾(ji)歐(ou)(ou)(ou)~幾(ji)十(shi)(shi)歐(ou)(ou)(ou))輸出(chu)阻抗(kang) 中(zhong)(幾(ji)千(qian)歐(ou)(ou)(ou)~幾(ji)十(shi)(shi)千(qian)歐(ou)(ou)(ou)) 小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(幾(ji)歐(ou)(ou)(ou)~幾(ji)十(shi)(shi)歐(ou)(ou)(ou))大(da)(da)(da)(幾(ji)十(shi)(shi)千(qian)歐(ou)(ou)(ou)~幾(ji)百千(qian)歐(ou)(ou)(ou))電(dian)(dian)壓放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)(da)倍(bei)數(shu) 大(da)(da)(da) 小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)1并接近(jin)于(yu)1)大(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)(da)倍(bei)數(shu) 大(da)(da)(da)(幾(ji)十(shi)(shi)) 大(da)(da)(da)(幾(ji)十(shi)(shi)) 小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)1并接近(jin)于(yu)1)功率放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)(da)倍(bei)數(shu)大(da)(da)(da)(約(yue)(yue)30~40分(fen)(fen)(fen)貝(bei)) 小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(約(yue)(yue)10分(fen)(fen)(fen)貝(bei)) 中(zhong)(約(yue)(yue)15~20分(fen)(fen)(fen)貝(bei))頻(pin)(pin)率特性(xing)高頻(pin)(pin)差(cha) 好 好續(xu)表(biao)應用(yong) 多(duo)級放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)(da)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)間級,低(di)頻(pin)(pin)放(fang)(fang)大(da)(da)(da) 輸入(ru)級、輸出(chu)級或作阻抗(kang)匹配用(yong) 高頻(pin)(pin)或寬頻(pin)(pin)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)及(ji)恒(heng)流(liu)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu) 。
基本電子元件:場效(xiao)應(ying)管
場效應晶(jing)體管(guan)(Field Effect Transistor縮寫(xie)(FET))簡稱(cheng)場效應管(guan)。由多數載流子(zi)參與導電,也稱(cheng)為單極型晶(jing)體管(guan)。它屬于電壓控制(zhi)型半導體器件。具有輸(shu)入(ru)電阻高(108~109Ω)、噪聲小、功耗低(di)、動態(tai)范圍大、易于集成(cheng)(cheng)、沒有二次擊穿現象、安全工作區域寬(kuan)等優點,現已成(cheng)(cheng)為雙極型晶(jing)體管(guan)和功率晶(jing)體管(guan)的(de)強(qiang)大競爭(zheng)者。
1、場效(xiao)應晶體管具有較高輸(shu)入阻(zu)抗和低噪聲等優(you)點,因而也(ye)被廣泛(fan)應用(yong)于(yu)各種電子設備中(zhong)。尤其(qi)用(yong)場效(xiao)管做(zuo)整個電子設備的輸(shu)入級,可以獲得一般晶體管很難達到(dao)的性能。
2、場效應管分成結型(xing)和絕緣(yuan)柵(zha)型(xing)兩(liang)(liang)大(da)類(lei),其(qi)控制原理都是(shi)一樣的(de)。如(ru)圖1-1-1是(shi)兩(liang)(liang)種型(xing)號(hao)的(de)表示符號(hao):
3、場效應管(guan)(guan)與(yu)晶體管(guan)(guan)的比較
(1)場效應管是(shi)電(dian)壓控制(zhi)元(yuan)件,而(er)(er)晶(jing)體管是(shi)電(dian)流(liu)控制(zhi)元(yuan)件。在(zai)只允許(xu)從信(xin)號源(yuan)取較(jiao)少(shao)電(dian)流(liu)的情(qing)況下,應選用場效應管;而(er)(er)在(zai)信(xin)號電(dian)壓較(jiao)低,又(you)允許(xu)從信(xin)號源(yuan)取較(jiao)多電(dian)流(liu)的條(tiao)件下,應選用晶(jing)體管。
(2)場效應管(guan)是(shi)利用多數(shu)載流(liu)子導電,所以稱(cheng)之為單極(ji)型器件(jian),而晶體管(guan)是(shi)即有(you)多數(shu)載流(liu)子,也利用少數(shu)載流(liu)子導電。被稱(cheng)之為雙極(ji)型器件(jian)。
(3)有些場效應管的源極(ji)和漏(lou)極(ji)可以(yi)互(hu)換(huan)使用,柵壓也(ye)可正可負(fu),靈(ling)活性(xing)比晶體管好。
(4)場效應管(guan)能在很小(xiao)電(dian)流(liu)和很低(di)電(dian)壓(ya)的條件下(xia)工作(zuo),而且它的制造工藝可以很方(fang)便地把很多場效應管(guan)集成在一塊硅片上,因此場效應管(guan)在大規模集成電(dian)路中得(de)到(dao)了廣泛的應用。
基本電(dian)子元件:傳(chuan)感器(qi)
傳(chuan)(chuan)感器是一種物(wu)理裝置或生物(wu)器官,能夠探測、感受外(wai)界的信號、物(wu)理條(tiao)件(如光、熱、濕度(du))或化學(xue)組成(如煙霧),并將探知(zhi)的信息傳(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)給其他裝置或器官。
國家(jia)標準GB7665-87對傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)下(xia)的(de)(de)定義(yi)是:“能感(gan)受(shou)規(gui)定的(de)(de)被(bei)測(ce)量件(jian)并按照一(yi)定的(de)(de)規(gui)律轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)成(cheng)可用信(xin)號(hao)的(de)(de)器(qi)件(jian)或(huo)裝(zhuang)置,通常(chang)由敏感(gan)元件(jian)和(he)(he)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)元件(jian)組(zu)成(cheng)”。傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)是一(yi)種檢(jian)測(ce)裝(zhuang)置,能感(gan)受(shou)到(dao)被(bei)測(ce)量的(de)(de)信(xin)息,并能將檢(jian)測(ce)感(gan)受(shou)到(dao)的(de)(de)信(xin)息,按一(yi)定規(gui)律變換(huan)(huan)成(cheng)為(wei)電(dian)信(xin)號(hao)或(huo)其他(ta)所需形(xing)式的(de)(de)信(xin)息輸(shu)(shu)出,以滿足信(xin)息的(de)(de)傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)、處理、存儲、顯示、記錄和(he)(he)控制等要求。它是實現自動檢(jian)測(ce)和(he)(he)自動控制的(de)(de)首(shou)要環節。
“傳感器”在新韋式(shi)大詞典中定義為:
“從一個系統(tong)(tong)接受功率,通常以另一種形式將功率送(song)到第二個系統(tong)(tong)中的器(qi)件”。
根(gen)據(ju)這個定(ding)義,傳感器的作用是(shi)將(jiang)一(yi)種(zhong)能(neng)量轉換成另一(yi)種(zhong)能(neng)量形式,所以不少學者也用“換能(neng)器-Transducer”來(lai)稱謂“傳感器-Sensor”。
基本電子元件(jian):晶振(zhen)
晶振(zhen)是石英晶體(ti)諧振(zhen)器(qi)(quartz crystal oscillator)的(de)簡稱,也(ye)稱有源晶振(zhen),它能夠(gou)產生中央處(chu)理器(qi)(CPU)執行(xing)(xing)指(zhi)令(ling)所必(bi)須的(de)時鐘頻率信號,CPU一切指(zhi)令(ling)的(de)執行(xing)(xing)都是建立在(zai)這(zhe)個(ge)基礎上的(de),時鐘信號頻率越高,通常CPU的(de)運行(xing)(xing)速度也(ye)就越快。
只(zhi)要是包含(han)CPU的(de)電子(zi)產品,都至少包含(han)一(yi)個時(shi)鐘源,就算(suan)外(wai)面(mian)看不到實際的(de)振蕩電路,也是在(zai)芯片內部被集成,它(ta)被稱為電路系(xi)統的(de)心臟。
其中:C1為(wei)動(dong)態等效串聯電容
諧振頻率附近(jin)有(you)與晶體諧振器具有(you)相同阻抗特性的簡化電路:
L1為動態等效串(chuan)聯電感;
R1為動態等效串聯(lian)電阻,它是(shi)晶體內部(bu)摩(mo)擦性當量
C0為靜態電(dian)容(rong),相當于兩個電(dian)極板之間(jian)的電(dian)容(rong)量。
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